English Beyond the Basics rev. ed. Johnston & Old Crosswalk with Hacker, A Writer’s Reference 5th ed & EBB old edition		Old EBB Code & page	Hacker Code & page	ERROR NOTES 1=less serious 2=serious 3=more serious *Spanish-speaker indicator
*Ch. 1. Verbs: Tenses & Irregular Verbs	27
Vt-1. The English verb-tense system	31
Vt-1a. The simple tenses	33	V1-1 A,B,C 35	G2-f 169; 170
Vt-1b. The perfect tenses	38	V1-1 D,E,F 39	G2-f 169; 171
Vt-1c. The progressive tenses	44	V1-1 G,H,I 45	G2-f 170
Vt-1d. The perfect progressive tenses	47	V1-1 J,K,L 48	G2-f 170
Vt-2. Problems with tense	50
Vt-2a. Mixing tenses inappropriately	50	V1-2 51	S4-b 95	2
Vt-2b. Inappropriate contractions	51	V1-4 54		2
Vt-2c. Misusing present for future or past	52	V1-3 52		2
Vt-2d. Misusing present for present progressive	53	V1-5 55		3
Vt-2e. The past tense: poder, conocer, & saber	54	V1-6 55		3*
Vt-2f. Misusing the simple future for speculation	55	V1-7 56		1
Vt-2g. Present perfect problems	55	V1-8 56		2
Vt-2h. Past perfect problems	55	V1-9 57	G2-f 171	2
Vt-2i. The present progressive & “do” questions	56	V1-11 58		2
Vt-2j. Progressive w emotion/intellect/possession	56	V1-12 59		3*
Vt-2k. Omitting helpers in compound (perfect) tenses	56	V1-10 57		2
Vt-3. Irregular verbs and common problems	57
Vt-3a. Regular and irregular verb differences	57	V1-13 60	G2-a 160	3
Vt-3b. Misusing past participles of irregular verbs	57	V1-14 65	G2-a 161 T2-a 218	3
Vt-3c. Mixing irregular verb patterns	63	V1-15 66		3
Vt-3d. Regularizing irregular verbs and vice versa	63	V1-16 66		3
Vt-3e. Mismatching verb form: compound verbs	66	V1-17 68		1
*Ch-2. Verbs: The Helpers	69
Vh-1. The “to do” helper	69
Vh-1a. Asking questions	70	V2-1 74		3
Vh-1b. Adding emphasis	71	V2-1 74		1
Vh-1c. Constructing negative verb phrases	72	V2-1 74		3
Vh-1d. Abbreviated reference to previous verb	73			2
Vh-1e. Using the wrong verb form after “did”	74	V2-2 76	T2-a 216	3*
Vh-1f. Using the wrong verb form after “does”	74	V2-3 77	T2-a 216	3*
Vh-2. The modal helpers	75
Vh-2a. General errors with modal verb phrases	75	V2-5 78	T2-a 216	3*
Vh-2b. Misusing “of” for “have” after modals	80	Pe-22 341	W-1 111	2
Vh-2c. “Can” and “could”	81	V2-6 81		3*
Vh-2d. “May” and “might”	84	V2-7 84		1
Vh-2e. “Shall” and “should”	85	V2-8 85		1
Vh-2f. “Will” and “would”	87	V2-9 86		2
Vh-2g. Overusing “would” to indicate past actions	88	V2-10 88		3*
Vh-2h. “Must” and “ought to”	89	V2-11 89		1
Vh-3. Other helping verb problems	91
Vh-3a. Omitting helping verbs in verb phrases	91			3
Vh-3b. Mismatches in compound verb phrases	92			1
Vh-3c. Mismatching helpers in Q’s & follow-ups	93			1
*Chapter 3. Verbs: Voice & Subjunctive Mood	97
Vm-1. Voice	97		W-3 128
Vm-1a. Overusing the passive voice	99	V3-1 98	W3-a 129	1
Vm-1b. Proper uses of the passive voice	100	V3-2 99	W3-a 129
Vm-2. Subjunctive mood	102
Vm-2a. With “wish”	103	V3-3 102	G2-g 174	2
Vm-2b. In “if,” “had,” and “unless” clauses	106	V3-4 106	G2-g 173 T2-b 220	3
Vm-2c. Misuse: “would” in “if” & “unless” clauses	110	V3-5 111		1
Vm-2d. With verbs that suggest or demand action	111	V3-6 111	G2-g 174	2
Vm-2e. In necessity clauses using “it is”	112	V3-7 112		2
Vm-2f. Subjunctive “need not”	114	V3-8 115		1
*Chapter 4. Verbs: Endings & Attachments	117
Va-1. Verb endings	117
Va-1a. The problem of the “-ed bug”	117	V4-1 122	G2-d 166	3*
Va-1b. Confusing “-en” and “-ing” in verb endings	119	V4-2 124		3
Va-2. Two-word verbs	120	V4-14 142	T2-d 222	3*
Va-3 Transitive/intransitive confusions	126	V4-9 133; V5-24 192	B2-b 456 G2-b 164	2
Va-4. Infinitives and gerunds	130
Va-4a. Ungrammatical infinitive formation	131	V4-3 126		3
Va-4b. Infinitives properly used without “to”	133		T2-c 222	2
Va-4c. Elliptical infinitives	133			3*
Va-4d. Confusing regular and perfect infinitives	134	V4-4 127	G2-f 172	1
Va-4e. Splitting infinitives unnecessarily	135	V4-5 129		1
Va-4f. Verbs followed by infinitives, not gerunds	136	V4-10 136	T2-c 221	3*
Va-4g. Verbs followed by gerunds, not infinitives	137	V4-11 138	T2-c 221-222	3*
Va-4h. Verbs not followed by a “that” clause	138	V4-12 139		3*
Va-4i. Diff meaning: gerund / infinitive w/ some verbs	140	V4-13 140		2
Va-5. “Making,” “doing,” and “having”	141
Va-5a. “Making”: things, outcomes, and results	142	V4-16 152		3*
Va-5b. “Doing”: performing activities	144	V4-17 154		3*
Va-5c. “Do”/“make” in otherwise same situation	145	V4-18 155
Va-5d. Misuses: “make” / hacer & “have” / tener	146	V4-19 157		3*
*Chapter 5. Verbs: S-V Agreement Issues	151
SV-1. Subject-verb agreement	151
SV-1a. Basic subject-verb agreement	152		G1-a 152	3*
SV-1b. Making the verb agree with wrong noun	152	V5-13 175	G1-b 152	1
SV-1c. Compound subjects	154	V5-14 177	G1-c 154 G1-d 154	2
SV-1d. Errors w/ “there is”/“was” & “there are”/“were”	155	V5-15 178	G1-g 157	2
SV-1e. Inverted sentences	156	V5-17 180	G1-g 157	2
SV-1f. Eng. vs. Span.: linking verb agreement	157		G1-h 157	2
SV-1g. Verb number: pronouns in relative clauses	158	V5-16 179	G1-i 158	2
SV-1h. Number variation with indefinite pronouns	159	V5-10 172	G1-e 155	2
SV-1i. N. clauses, gerunds, & infinitives as singular	161	V5-11 174	G1-k 159	1
SV-1j. Adjectives and past participles as nouns	162	V5-12 174		3*
SV-2. Other plurality issues	163
SV-2a. “People,” “news,” and “police”	163	V5-1 164		3*
SV-2b. Diseases and fields of study	163	V5-2 165	G1-j 159	1
SV-2c. Collective nouns	164	V5-3 165	G1-f 156	1
SV-2d. Household items	165	V5-4 166		1
SV-2e. Nouns with irregular plurals	165			3*
SV-2f. Nouns ending with “-sis”	166	V5-6 168		1
SV-2g. Latinate plurals	167	V5-7 168		1
SV-2h. “The/a number,” & “a/the amount”	168	V5-8 170		1
SV-2i. Money and measurements	169	V5-9 171		1
*Chapter 6. Nouns & Articles	171
N-1. Errors with “the”	172
N-1a. Specific references	172	N-1 210	T1-c 212	2
N-1b. General references: singular count nouns	172	N-1 210		3*
N-1c. General references: plurals	173	N-1 210	T1-d 213	3
N-1d. General references: noncount nouns	174	N-1 210	T1-d 213	3
N-1e. Abstract nouns	177	N-1 210		3*
N-1f. Numbered items	176	N-1 210		2*
N-1g. Misapplying Spanish rules to “the”	176	N-4 217		3*
N-2. Errors with “a” and “an”	177
N-2a. Abstract concepts	177	N-2 214		3
N-2b. Specific references with noncount nouns	178		T1-a 210	3
N-2c. Plurals	179	N-3 216		3*
N-2d. Vowel and consonant sounds	180	N-3 216	T1-b 211	2
N-2e. The initial letter “u” or “h”	180			1
N-2f. Compound expressions	181	U-22 473		1
N-3. Omitting “the,” “a,” or “an” where needed	181
N-3a. Omitting “the”	181		T1-c 212	3
N-3b. Omitting “a” or “an”	182		T1-a 210	3
N-3c. Ambiguity created by omitting articles	182			3
N-4. Special problems with noun forms	182
N-4a. Spanish models for pluralizing	183	N-5 219; N-7 222		2*
N-4b. Other parts of speech used as nouns	184	N-8 224		3*
N-5. Infinitives and gerunds as nouns	186
N-5a. Misuse of gerunds and infinitives in general	186			2
N-5b. Infinitives improperly used without “to”	188	N-9 226		3*
N-5c. Misusing infinitives after prepositions	188	Pe-21 340		3*
*Chapter 7. Pronouns	191
Pn-1. Pronoun gender and number	191
Pn-1a. Gender	192	Pn-1 350		3*
Pn-1b. Sexist issues	193		G3-a 176	2
Pn-1c. Number	194	Pn-2 351	G3-a 176	3
Pn-1d. Singular/plural or plural/singular shifts	195	U-6 455	G3-a 176	3
Pn-2. Pronoun reference and point of view	195
Pn-2a. Ambiguous pronouns	196	U-10 458; U-11 459	G3-b 179	3
Pn-2b. Misusing pronouns to refer to whole ideas	197		G3-b 180	1
Pn-2c. “You,” “it,” and “they”: w/o specific references	203	U-8 456	G3-b 180	2
Pn-3. Pronoun case and “-self” pronouns	200
Pn-3a. Subjects and objects	200	Pn-3 353	G3-c 181	3
Pn-3b. After linking verbs and in appositives	202	U-24 477	G3-c 182, 184	1
Pn-3c. Misusing objective case to modify gerunds	203	Pn-4 355	G3-c 185	1
Pn-3d. Errors with intensive or reflexive pronouns	204	Pn-5 356		2*
Pn-4. Pronoun redundancy	206
Pn-4a. “It” and other pronoun redundancy problems	206	Pn-9 363		3*
Pn-4b. Redundant use of “it” with “which”	207	U9 458		3
Pn-5. Relative pronouns	209
Pn-5a. “Which” vs. “who/whom”	209	Pn-8 359	W-1 123, 124	3*
Pn-5b. “Who” vs. “whom”	210	Pn-8 359	G3-d 186	1
Pn-5c. “That/which/who”: nonrestrictive/restrictive	213	Pn-11 327		2
Pn-5d. “Which” misuse: switching gramticl strategies	215	U-25 478		3
Pn-5e. Confusing “which” and “in which”	216	U-20 470		2
Pn-6. Special mix-ups	217
Pn-6a. Misusing “ones” to translate unos/unas	217	Pn-12 370		2*
Pn-6b. Problems with some indefinite pronouns	217			3
*Chapter 8. Adjectives & Adverbs	221
A-1. Adjective issues	221
A-1a. Confusing “-ed” and “-ing” on modifiers	222	A-6 249	T4-a 229	3*
A-1b. Using nouns or alternative forms as adjectives	224	A-5 247		3
A-1c. Adjectives with count and noncount nouns	226	A-3 244		3*
A-1d. Size and quantity	227	A-2 240		3*
A-1e. Compound adjectives for time or space	228			2
A-1f. Problems with “other” and “another”	229	A-2 240		2*
A-1g. Sequence	230	A-2 240		1
A-2. Confusing adjs., adverbs, & prepositions	230
A-2a. Adjectives for adverbs	230	A-10 257	G4-a 189	2
A-2b. Adverbs for adjectives	232	A-10 257		3
A-2c. Adjectives and adverbs with prepositions	233			3
A-3. Confusions in adjective/adverb pairs	233
A-3a. “Barely” and “just”	233	A-8 253		2*
A-3b. “Specially” and “especially”	234	A-8 253		3
A-3c. “Most” and “mostly”	235	A-8 253		2
A-3d. “Too”/“either” and “too”/“so”	235	A-8 253		3*
A-3e. “Much” and “very much”	236	A-8 253		3
A-3f. Proximity: “near”/“nearby” and “far”/“faraway”	236	A-2 240		1
A-4. Comparative/superlative adjs & adverbs	237
A-4a. Confusing “-er”/“-est” and “more”/“most”	237	A-11 260	G4-c 191	3*
A-4b. “Better”/“best” and “worse”/“worst”	239	A-11 260		2
A-4c. “Farther”/“farthest” and “further”/“furthest”	239	A-11 260	W1 117	1
A-4d. Misusing “that” for “than”	240			2
A-4e. Misusing “than” after “different”	240		W1 116	1
*Chapter 9. Prepositions	243
Pe-1. Problems with the preposition “of”	245
Pe-1a. Translations of de not related to possession	248	Pe-2 313		3*
Pe-1b. Misusing “of” after certain words	249	V4-15 147		3*
Pe-2. Translating por and para	250	Pe-3 313		3*
Pe-3. Basic uses of “in,” “on,” and “into”	253
Pe-3a. Errors with “in” and “on”	253	Pe-5 319	T4-b 230	3*
Pe-3b. Confusions: "in"(“at”), "into," and “inside”	256			3
Pe-3c. “In the other hand”/“on the other hand”	257	Pe-6 322		2*
Pe-4. Preps. w location, destination, travel	258
Pe-4a. Street references: “in,” “at,” or “on”	258	Pe-8 323	T4-b 230	3*
Pe-4b. Astronomical/geographical locations: “in”/“on”	259	Pe-9 324		2
Pe-4c. Arrival: “at” or “in”	260	Pe-14 331	T4-b 230	3*
Pe-4d. Going “to” a place associated w/ a person	261	Pe-12 329		2
Pe-4e. Being “at” a place associated w/ a person	262	Pe-15 332		2
Pe-4f. Transportation: “by,” “in,” “out of,” & “on”/“off”	263	Pe-10 325		3*
Pe-4g. Prepositions w/ “home” and “house”	265	Pe-17 334		2
Pe-4h. “Besides” and “beside”	266	Pe-19 337		1
Pe-5. Prepositions and time	267
Pe-5a. Time expressions: “at,” “in,” and “on”